Tooth Sensitivity Explained: What Causes It and How to Manage It

Ever wondered why your tooth suddenly became so sensitive making it almost impossible for you to have your favorite ice cream or even a spot of tea?

Let’s dive deep to figure just that out.

What is Tooth Sensitivity?

Tooth sensitivity, also known as dentin hypersensitivity, occurs when the inner layer of the tooth, known as the dentin, becomes exposed or vulnerable.

First, let’s look at the layers of the tooth from the outermost to the deeper layers to understand where dentin is.

• Enamel: The hard, outer surface of the crown portion of the tooth that protects it from damage and decay.

• Dentin: The softer, yellowish tissue beneath the enamel. Dentin contains tiny tubes (called dentinal tubules) that lead to the nerve endings inside the tooth.

• Pulp: The innermost part of the tooth, where the nerves and blood vessels are located.

• Cementum: It is a hard tissue that covers the roots of the tooth, helping anchor it to the jawbone.

How does dentin exposure cause tooth sensitivity?

When the enamel is worn away or the gums recede

↓

the dentinal tubules become exposed

↓

allowing hot, cold, or acidic stimuli

↓

reach the nerve endings inside the tooth.

↓

This stimulation of the nerves

↓

triggers a sharp, brief pain

What are the causes of Tooth Sensitivity?

There are several factors that can lead to tooth sensitivity.

1. Enamel Erosion

Enamel erosion is one of the most frequent culprits behind tooth sensitivity. Enamel is a hard substance, but it can wear down over time due to various factors:

• Acidic Foods and Beverages: Citrus fruits, soda, wine, and other acidic foods can erode enamel over time. The acids in these foods soften the enamel, making it more prone to wear and tear.

• Brushing Too Hard: Brushing your teeth with excessive force or using a hard-bristled toothbrush can gradually wear down the enamel. Over time, this can expose the dentin.

• Bruxism (Teeth Grinding): Habitual grinding or clenching of the teeth can lead to the thinning of enamel and increased sensitivity.

2. Gum Recession

Gum recession occurs when the gum tissue pulls back from the tooth, exposing the roots. The roots of your teeth do not have enamel but rather cementum as their outermost layer.

Cementum wears off easier than enamel leaving the roots much more sensitive than the crown of the tooth. When the roots are exposed, stimuli like cold or hot foods can directly reach the nerve endings in the tooth, causing discomfort.

3. Cavities and Tooth Decay

Tooth decay can also lead to increased sensitivity. As cavities form, they break down the enamel and extend into the dentin, making the tooth more vulnerable to temperature changes and other triggers.

4. Dental Procedures

Certain dental treatments, such as teeth whitening or professional cleanings, can temporarily increase sensitivity. The process can sometimes irritate the nerves in the dentin, leading to short-term discomfort.

5. Cracked or Chipped Teeth/Filling

A cracked or fractured tooth/filling can expose the sensitive inner parts of the tooth to external stimuli. The crack may allow hot, cold, or sweet foods to reach the dentin and cause a painful reaction.

6. Acid Reflux

Acid reflux (GERD) can lead to stomach acids reaching the mouth, which can erode tooth enamel and cause increased sensitivity.

Treating and Preventing Tooth Sensitivity

Here are some strategies to help reduce or eliminate the discomfort of tooth sensitivity:

1. Use Desensitizing Toothpaste

The American Dental Association (ADA) recommends using desensitizing toothpaste for at least 2 to 4 weeks to effectively manage tooth sensitivity. This duration allows the active ingredients in the toothpaste, such as potassium nitrate or strontium chloride, to block nerve signals and reduce sensitivity.For individuals with persistent sensitivity, continued use may be necessary.

It’s important to note that while desensitizing toothpaste can significantly reduce discomfort, if the sensitivity persists beyond a month or worsens, it’s advisable to consult a dentist to rule out other underlying issues, such as cavities or gum disease.

2. Avoid Acidic Foods

To prevent further enamel erosion, try to limit your intake of acidic foods and drinks, such as citrus fruits, soda, and wine. If you do consume acidic substances, rinse your mouth with water afterward to help neutralize the acid.

3. Practice Proper Brushing Techniques

Be gentle when brushing your teeth. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and brush in a circular motion rather than scrubbing back and forth. Avoid using excessive force while brushing, as this can wear down the enamel and irritate the gums.

4. Use a Fluoride Mouthwash

Fluoride helps strengthen enamel and can help reduce the discomfort caused by sensitivity. Using a fluoride mouthwash can provide an additional layer of protection against enamel erosion.

5. Consult a dentist

If your sensitivity is severe, your dentist may recommend treatments like fluoride varnishes, dental bonding, or sealants to protect the exposed dentin and reduce sensitivity.

A dentist would also diagnose and treat your tooth sensitivity appropriately if it is linked to underlying conditions, such as gum disease, cavities, broken or chipped tooth/filling, or acid reflux.

Conclusion

Tooth sensitivity is a common but treatable condition that occurs when the enamel is compromised or the gums recede, exposing the sensitive dentin beneath. Understanding the science behind tooth sensitivity can help you take preventive measures and manage the discomfort. Whether it’s through desensitizing toothpaste, adjusting your diet, or practicing good oral hygiene, there are plenty of ways to protect your teeth and keep sensitivity at bay. If your sensitivity persists, it's always best to consult with your dentist to explore the best treatment options tailored to your needs.